![]() ![]() Turkish also used Arabic letters until 1928, when the country officiallyĬalligraphers are the most highly regarded artists in Islamic culture. (spoken in parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey), and Urdu (spoken in PakistanĪnd parts of India) are among the languages that adopted Arabic letters. Tajik in Tajikistan), Pashto (spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan), Kurdish Today, Persian (or Farsi, spoken in Iran Dari in Afghanistan and Of languages adopted the Arabic alphabet even though they bear no With the arrival of Islam and the conversion of many regions, a number When two dots are placed above (ت ,(or a “th” sound when three dots are Shape can form a “b” sound when one dot is placed below (ب ,(a “t” sound Phonetic sounds with the help of diacritical marks. The Arabic alphabet consists of eighteen shapes that express twentyeight Pronunciation of a word-these are usually only written in the Qur’an, whereĬorrect recitation is important, and in texts for novice readers. Vowels, represented by a set of marks below or above the letters, aid in the Punctuation marks were not adopted until the twentieth century. ![]() There is no distinctionīetween upper- and lower-case letters, though shapes of letters usually varyĭepending on whether they are in an initial, medial, or final position in a We will look at the development of the script and the material used by calligraphers in later posts.Īrabic is written and read from right to left. Calligraphy is used in poems, praise for rulers, and in Aphorism. However, it is important to remember that while the Quran’s holy status provides an explanation for calligraphy’s importance, by no means all Arabic calligraphy is religious in content. The Arabic text of the Quran is sacred to Muslims, and its high status gave rise to an associated respect for books in general. The Arabic language, and subsequently the art of calligraphy, is held in great esteem by Muslims because Arabic was the language in which the Quran was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad in the 7th century. It has changed a lot overtime initially being mainly about Quranic writing for the holy book, on architectures, pottery, luster wear, decorations, pictorial and tattooing. Calligraphy is still going strong today and stimulated into non-Arabic countries. People started to write it in beautiful and elaborative words as a spiritual thing. Quran was being written to preserve Gods revealed words, keeping it unchanged for eternity. ![]() In the time of the Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) the Quran was not written, it was only memorized, eventually this changed after his time. In this chapter Al-Alaq, God is giving a commandment to read and write before revealing anything else to lay emphasis on knowledge (Nouman Ali Khan) Furthermore the Quran, itself was not written or read but it all revealed and taught orally. This is an interesting chapter because it talks about reading and pens, when it was not common and majority of the people were uneducated. The first Surah (chapter) out of 114 chapters of the Quran was revealed to Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) was called Al-Alaq (The Clot). Islam puts a lot of emphasis on obtaining knowledge and made it mandatory for men and women. ![]() After the revelations came to Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) he would instruct it his companions and his followers. Prior to Islam reading and writing was not common and when Islam came, it came with a holy book called Quran. Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) was unlettered hence was unable to read or write. Islam is an Abrahamic religion where there is a strict belief in one God. It is a pattern we’ll see throughout the history of trade: it thrives when nations protect it, it falls when they don’t.The religion of Islam started in Mecca around 571AD by prophet Muhammad peace be upon him. And when it reopened in Marco Polo’s late medieval time, it was because the rise of a new hegemonic empire: the Mongols. If the Silk Road eventually closed, as it did after several centuries, the fall of the empires had everything to do with it. If trade was interrupted, it was most often because of blockades by local enemies of Rome or China. From purchase price to final sales price, the multiple went in the dozens.The Silk Road could prosper in part because two great empires dominated much of the route. But global trade links were established, and for those involved, it was a goldmine. As a percentage of the total economy, the value of these exports was tiny, and many middlemen were involved to get the goods to their destination. Silk was mostly a luxury good, and so were the spices that were added to the intercontinental trade between Asia and Europe. That is not to say globalization had started in earnest. ![]()
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